The flipped classroom model is an approach to teaching in which students learn content before class time (i.e. through readings or lectures), freeing class time for higher-order activities (e.g. debate or discussion, practical applications of concepts, research tasks.)

A shareholder activist is a shareholder who uses their equity stake to bring change within the company. Shareholder activism involves voting for corporate reforms in shareholder meetings and taking external actions intended to pressure other shareholders and company management (e.g., publicizing their demands in media publications, launching lawsuits against management members, etc.).

Fan culture refers to the formation of communities based on intense identification with particular media or celebrities. Fans often attend events, buy or create merchandise and fan art, and engage in online discussion or debate, etc.